Well, ID can export text and graphics as html (see InDesign Magazine article by Michael Murphy about this). But it doesn’t export page geometry (where things are on the page). One option for that is in5 from ajarproductions.com

Highlight color is a Windows preference, not an InDesign preference in CC.

I don’t think InDesign lets you print to PDF, does it?
You can print to postscript and run it through the distiller, but that’s icky.

The Swatches panel can still be enlarged. But if you’re talking about the fill pop-up menu inside the Control panel, I don’t think that can be made bigger.

No, not in Preferences. In the paragraph style. Or click inside the text, set the Control panel to Character Formatting mode, and look for the Language pop-up menu (or in the Character panel).

I don’t think there is any way to change those modifier keys. But I’m not clear why you’d want to — they are the same between CC and CS6 (and CS5 and…)

Wow. That is very strange behavior. I was going to say something about how maybe you don’t have proper permissions on your machine (though that usually only affects installing scripts, not running them). But the fact that they work when the server is not available is truly odd.

Are these all scripts? Like even the ones in the Samples folder that come with InDesign? Or perhaps only custom scripts you have?

More here: https://creativepro.com/typesetting-hebrew-and-other-languages-in-english-indesign.php