For books in English, the conventions are well established. You can find lots of detail (possibly more than you ever want to know) in The Chicago Manual of Style under the general heading of book sections, and if you're designing for print you should have a copy on your bookshelf for reference. As far as numbering is concerned, lowercase Roman numerals start at i on the half title page and continue through the whole of the front matter (copyright page, TOC, preface, introduction, etc.). Content numbering begins at 1 on the first page of chapter 1 or, where it applies, the section opener (“Part One: My Adventures in Siberia”) or second half title page.
Odd numbers are always right-hand (recto) pages, and chapters always start on a recto unless they are specified as a two page spread, in which case page 1 would be a second half title or a section opener on the recto before the first chapter.
For magazines, the first recto after the cover is usually page 1; newspapers, the front page is page 1; other publications, “it depends.” Academic publications and professional journals usually have very specific style guides that you would follow. For a catalog, you can pretty much roll your own page numbering, provided it's visible and makes sense to the reader.