It’s not impossible that a problem font could be causing this, although it doesn’t seem likely that would cause an issue in both Acrobat and InDesign. (I’ve never come across a case of Acrobat having conniptions over a sketchy font the way InDesign does.)
A somewhat inelegant workaround that would at least keep things moving while you sort things out might be to export the comments from Acrobat to a data file, then copy/paste from that. (Never use Preview for PDFs. It has too many issues and has been known to drive strong designers to even stronger drink.) Before you waste time trying, the “Export to Word” option will only work if it’s going to the original Word file from which the PDF was created.
Under the Comments section of Acrobat, choose Export to Data File and select .fdf as the format. It’s a text-only file you can open in any text editor and paste into a fresh document in InDesign. (I’m assuming you don’t have grep capabilities outside of InDesign, so I’m using the GREP search in Id for the next step, but you could equally use a programming editor with grep capabilities.)
Run this GREP search on the comments document: (.+Contents\()([\u ]+)(.+)
On each hit, Change using $2
in the “Change to:” field, which will remove all the bric-a-brac and leave you with just the comment text, which you can copy and paste.